Saturday, August 31, 2019

Cellular pathology: importance of dyes in identifying normal and abnormal histological features of tissues

Introduction In the study of tissues, histological staining is important in order to study cellular structures, intracellular and extracellular substances at the microscopic level (Stevens and Lowe, 1997). Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in images obtained and to highlight structures. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues, cell populations or organelles within individual cells; histological features useful for biological research and/or diagnosis in medicine (Bancroft and Cook, 1994). The importance of dyes in identifying normal and abnormal histological features of tissues is herein discussed. Medical and biological research is underpinned by knowledge of the normal structure and function of cells and tissues as well as the organs and structures they make up (histology) Understanding disease in the context of structure-function relationships (histopathology) enables differentiation between normal tissues and abnormal tissues in a particul ar disease state (Cook, 2008). The differentiation of these enabled by the identification and understanding of the divergence of normal and abnormal histology is highly beneficial in disease diagnostics and therapeutics (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Such essential study disciplines are based on a thorough understanding and ability to recognise basic tissue types which combine to form the different organs of the body. Understanding normal structure of tissues is essential to the identification of altered structure (Lakhani, et al., 1998). With knowledge of normal histology, one can see the types, location and scope of cells involved in disease, whether their intrinsic morphology is impacted indicating cellular dysfunction, and whether higher order tissue structure is impaired which indicates organ dysfunction (Stevens and Lowe, 2000).Histopathology, on the other hand, encompasses the means to verify accurate models of particular diseases based on understanding the visual picture of mo lecular mechanisms differentiated from normal (Kiernan, 1999). In the normal healthy state, cells and other elements of tissue are arranged in regular recognisable patterns. Tissues usually have particular defining characteristics such as surface structure and shapes and formations of constituent cells which are used in their identification and assessment of function (Stevens and Lowe, 1997). Changes in these patterns can be induced by a wide range of chemical and physical influences such as microbial infection and cell malignancy in cancer are reflected by structural alterations at the microscopic level (Lakhani, et al., 1998). Many diseases such as Cancer are also characterised by typical structural and chemical abnormalities which vary the normal pattern of tissues (Lakhani et al., 1998). This is the basis of microscopic examination of specimens. Examination of various specimen and differentiation of structures is challenged as tissue sections or smears obtained from biopsies or aspirations appear dull and less detailed when viewed in light microscopy. This is because the fixed materials in the preparation have a similar refractive index and have a similar grey colour which makes it difficult to identify the structure of the tissues (Kiernan, 1999). It is essential to stain the cells/tissues to enable better visualisation of the different structures in contrasting colours (Bancroft and Cook, 1994). Staining is most commonly carried out through the use of histological dyes which are coloured organic compounds obtained from natural sources or from synthetic production that selectively bind to or concentrate in various cell and tissue structures (Kiernan, 1999). Dyes contain auxochromes which are chemical components that enable attachment to tissue such as the ionisable –OH group, and chromophores which are substances added to absorb visible light responsible for the colour observed. Colour arises when an attached chromophore molecule absorbs certain wa velengths of visible light (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Most modern dyes such as the Haematoxylin and Eosin stains commonly used are synthesised from simpler organic molecules, usually benzene or one of its derivatives (Kiernan, 1999). Stains are generally aimed as special probes, which possess variable specificity depending on the unique ionization or chemical reaction with tissue structures and components (Stevens and Lowe, 1997). Staining does not result in a random colouring of the tissue specimens, but rather exploits the differences in the chemical structure of the tissue. This is shown by colour variation depending on which dye is bound. Colours acquired reflect the nature of the tissues and their properties and proffers an advantage in the revelation of specific parts or areas (Cook, 2008). This enables detailed visualisation of structures including cell structures such as the cytoplasm, nucleus and organelles, as well as extra-cellular components. Additionally, under certai n conditions such as glycogen storage diseases, staining (in this case using the Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) to detect carbohydrates) can reveal molecular compounds and differences associated with pathological conditions (Lakhani, et al., 1998). Enhanced capacity for visualisation and identification of structures is the primary advantage for the use of dyes in staining of tissue specimen. Tissue staining therefore plays a critical role in tissue-based diagnosis and research allowing the visualization of tissue morphology and histological features, and in distinguishing normal and abnormal histological features (Cook, 2008; Stevens and Lowe, 1997; Kiernan, 1999). These observations are sufficient to allow analysis of tissue health and diagnosis of disease. Histological dyes commonly used for staining in light microscopy include the Haematoxylin and Eosin stain (H&E), Van Giessen, Masson’s Trichrome, and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), among others. The H&E stain is the most commonl y used stain for light microscopy in histology and histopathology. It is routinely used as it provides a very detailed view of the tissue achieved by staining cell structures staining the nuclei a dark blue or purple, and the cytoplasm and connective tissue in shades of pink (Cook, 2008). Staining using these and other dyes forms a critical part of the diagnostic picture given the sufficient contrast obtained for the display of tissue morphology (Stevens and Lowe, 1997). In conclusion, staining is an essential process in histology and histopathology with its primary advantage being the enhancement of contrast between different components of the tissue specimen, particularly as seen in light microscopy. The overall objective of histology is to acquire knowledge of normal tissues and organs, which is essential to understanding the altered structure and function of diseased cells, tissues and organs. There is no doubt that the use of dyes to allow for differentiation between normal and abnormal tissues is fundamental to our understanding of this. References Bancroft, J., and Gamble, M., (2008). Theory and practice of histological techniques. PA, USA: Elsevier Bancroft, D. and Cook C., (1994). Manual of Histological Techniques and their Diagnostic Application. PA, USA: Churchill Livingstone – Elsevier. Cook, D., (2008) Cellular Pathology. 2nd Edition, Chatham: Scion Publishing Ltd. Kiernan, A., (1999). Histological and Histochemical Methods. Theory and Practice (3rd Ed). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Lakhani, R., Dilly, A., and Finalyson, J., (1998) Basic Pathology: An Introduction to the Mechanisms of Disease (2nd Ed). London: Arnold. Stevens, A., and Lowe, J., (1997). Human Histology. (2nd Ed) Edinburgh: Mosby. Stevens, A., and Lowe, J., (2000). Pathology 2nd Ed Mosby: Edinburgh.

Hispanic in America Essay

America nowadays is knows as cultural diversity country and considered a home for many different cultures and races. The Hispanic term is not either a race or ethnicity, but is considered an American term use in USA to defined people who speak Spanish or their ancestors spoke Spanish at one point in their life. According to â€Å"U.S. Census 2000 State & County Statistical QuickFacts† â€Å"Hispanics or Latinos are those people who classified themselves in one of the specific Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 questionnaire† Therefore, sometimes people in general stereotype Hispanics in America as they all speak Spanish and have the same ethnic traits. Also People stereotype Hispanic as we are all from Mexico, uneducated with low wage job position, welfare recipients, have huge families and illegal immigrants. People in America stereotypes Hispanics as they all speak Spanish, but that isn’treally what I think it is. Hispanics are co nsidered very diverse groups where some speak just Spanish and not interest to learn a second language. Some others speak English only because they have been prohibited to speak their native language due to racism or they had not value their native language. Others speak indigenous languages. Moreover, the majority in these days speaks both languages. I think the last one is the most common nowadays because Hispanic people have realized the importance of the two languages in America for jobs and education. People have the general perception of Hispanics as they have the same traits as dark brown hair and eyes and tan or olive skin. In reality, not all Hispanics look or have those traits, not all look mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian. Some Hispanic look European, others look black. Others look Indian or mestizos. However the majority is considerate white Caucasian for the European influence in the colonization in Latin America. However, there are many other Spanish countries lik e Spain, Morocco, Nicaragua, Argentina, Islas Filipinas, Uruguay, Ecuador, Cuba, and some more. Even though they are Spanish speaking countries, their each have their own traits, ascent and heritage. According to the â€Å"The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia,† â€Å"Any person resident in the USA who comes from, or whose parents came from, Spanish-speaking countries in Central and South America, including the Caribbean.† Hispanic has been stereotype as uneducated or gave up school with low wage jobs. However, the reality was  that Hispanics were considered uneducated by Americansbecause they couldn’t speak English and they were focused on their jobs to give a better life for themselves and their families. However, the reality nowadays is different; Hispanics recognized the education as a key of success. They are now interested in learn English as a second language and take advantage of some many educational programs out there. Actually, there are some Hispanic people with higher education than don’t work as gardeners, housekeepers, nannies anymore. On the other hand, some Hispanics have already overcome this stereotype. For example, more Hispanics are now in Hollywood, in the Congress and much more; and also I can fit myself in this category even though I still have a long way to meet my professional goals. The United States is known for being a nation of immigrants; hence, the Hispanic groups are stereotype as illegal immigrants. However, the reality is that not every single Hispanic that immigrates to America is undocumented. Back in the history, Mexican territory was given to U.S. In addition, the treaty offered U.S. naturalization to Mexican citizens who remain in the border and U.S. residency for the ones who remain in south border of Mexico. I think that is one of the biggest reasons Americans think that all the undocumented people are Hispanic. Also the Mexican borders are considerate the busiest crossing for legal and illegal people that immigrate from everywhere. People from a lot of countries use them as an entrance to U.S. because it seems easy to cross to the other side and be in U.S. Also the fact that one country is next to the other divided just by a long, tall fence. However, not all undocumented immigrants are Mexican. Unfortunately, stereotypes are just assumptions made by people to classify others base on skin color, clothing, language and physical appearance. Hispanics seem to become more prevalent group in the U.S; there fore, many people still considered Hispanic as uneducated, welfare recipients and low wedge jobs, big families, just Spanish speakers, and illegal immigrants until these days. However, Hispanic people are deeply rooted in traditions; even though, they have changed their country living is hard to change their heritage because is very special to us or sometimes we just carry it naturally. Work Cited â€Å"Hispanic American.† The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia. West Chiltington: Crystal Semantics, 2005. Credo Reference. Wed. 23 Oct. 2013 â€Å"Hispanic Origin.† U.S. Census 2000 State & County Statistical Quick Facts. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. Credo Reference. Wed. 22 Oct. 2013

Principles for implementing duty of care in health, social care or children’s and young people’s setting Essay

1.2 All practitioners have a duty of care all the children the setting, this also includes the staff. A duty of care is where a practitioner has to take care of them and not let them get harmed in any way. This will involve the children attention, watching out for hazards and preventing mistakes or accidents. If a practitioner has not met the duty of care required then they can be held accountable for allowing it to happen. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is a framework that provides an assurance to cares and parents that the setting that they put their child in will keep them safe and help them thrive. The aim of the EYFS is to help children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes which are †¢Staying safe †¢Being healthy †¢Enjoying and achieving †¢Making a positive contribution †¢Achieving economic wellbeing These can be achieved by having quality, consistence and a set of standards which apply to all settings. 2.1 Children are entitled to basic human rights such as food, health care, a safe home and protection from abuse but because children can’t always stand up for themselves they need a special sat of rights to ensure that the adults around them take responsibility for their protection and development. The UN convention on the rights of the child applies to all children under the age of 18 and it spells out the basic human rights children and young people should have. All children have the right to survive, develop and be protected from harm. There can be potential conflicts or dilemmas with professional’s record and share information about a child, the information on a child should only be collected and stored with the parents constant and should have free access to this information on request. The constant will be gained formally with a signature; the only exception is when a child might  be at risk of immediate and significant harm if you share the information with the parent. Safeguarding a child requires practitioners to make difficult judgments. As an early years practitioner your duty is promote the welfare, development and learning of each child sometimes this means raising difficult or sensitive issues with a parent or carer. It is important that the issues are raised in a way that shows concern for the child and not criticising the parent or carer. In general it is important to have a confidential space and a clear focus on the child best interests, the vast number of parents will be supportive even if the first reaction in negative and it is important to involve senior staff in these discussions such as a room senior or the manager. 2.2 Whatever setting you are in, situations may arise where you need to respond to a complaint. People react in different ways to a situation. When responding to a complaint it is important to take into account the other persons point of view and find a solution to the problem. You should aim to deal with the complaint in a constructive manner in order to maintain positive working relationships. There are four positive steps that may help you respond to a complaint keep cool, listen, apologise if necessary and try for a win/win solution. 2.3 The colleagues that you work with should be able to provide additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas such as your room senior or settings manager. In addition there are a range of organisation that can provide support and advice for those working with children, young people and their families. These include local education authority, health services, social service department and charities and voluntary organisations. You should always remember to follow your settings guidelines regarding confidentiality and the sharing of information when concerned about the welfare of a child or young person.

Gender segregation In US Essay

In the recent past, United State has been a victim of gender inequality. For instance, in the colonial era, reading and writing were the essential skills. However, these skills were mainly taught to boys and only privileged girls. This is a clear discrimination that makes the girls child disadvantaged and thus affects her social development and limit her interaction. One of the most important aspects in human development is the gender-role development. Age between two & six are the essential stage when the children start to learn of the abilities, and gender. In making of toys for playing, the America culture separates toys for girls and boys. The boys will shy from playing with dollies and the girls also avoid playing with tennis balls. This separation affects the social development of the children in many ways. First, the playing styles and behaviors will be centered on the identity ‘I am a Girl’ or ‘I am a Boy’. This spreads to the social context of the family, school, and peer group. Most theories of social development highlight early childhood as initial and the essential stage in social development. Much of the learning in this stage occurs by imitation. That is, boys learn to be boys by observing their fathers and girls learn l to be girls by observing their mothers. When children imitate similar sex they tend to be appreciated. However, imitating the opposite sex would attract punishment. This stereotype leaves a lasting impact on the mind of the children who grow up to believe that girls and boys are different and should be treated differently. This has been the root cause of gender disparity in US. Reference: Axtell, J. (1974). Gender-Role Development – The Development of Sex and Gender. Illinois; University of Illinois Press.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Dynamics of high school teaching: Cooperative learning Essay

The general conduct of a teacher while in classroom is very important. Effective class room management is always core and it calls for fairness to all students, common sense, consistency and courage. Teachers need to understand both psychological and development needs of students. It is a common observation that students have little respect for female teachers. This is because they see them as weak unlike their male counterparts. The role of teacher is very important in classroom. The teachers act as role models in guiding students to achieve their life time goals. A major concern is teaching of manners and instilling discipline to students at young age. Discipline is important in any growing child as it helps to control his or her behavior. The principles of honest, responsibility, accountability and reliability are taught through discipline. Teachers have the responsibility of exercising democracy when dealing with students. This helps to help students participate fully in particular programs for better performance in academics. Discipline is a very important component in learning as it makes students feel happy, safe and responsible members of the society. Accordingly the role of a teacher in classroom promotes main phases of discipline such as prevention, motivation, intervention and management. Students feel motivated when their teachers show concern in them through proper management. The skills of teachers while in class empower them to legitimately promote good learning environment. The management role of teachers in classroom involves ensuring that each student follows what is taught in class. This is done through tests, homework and assignments which should be mandatory as part of the syllabus. Students with good discipline perform better and this is the main reason that makes teachers to be tougher while dealing with students. References: Sterling Anne, 1992, Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men, Basic Books. Seidman Irving, 1999, The Essential Career Guide to Becoming a Middle and High School Teacher, Bergin & Garvey. Klausmeier Herbert, 1953, Principles and Practices of Secondary School Teaching, Harper.

Philippine Literature During the Japanese Era Essay

During the Japanese Occupation, when Tagalog was favored by the Japanese military authority, writing in English was consigned to limbo. It picked up after the war, however, with a fervor and drive for excellence that continue to this day. Stevan Javellana’s â€Å"Without Seeing the Dawn† (1947), the first postwar novel in English, was published in the United States. In 1946, the Barangay Writers Project was founded to help publish books in English. Against a background marked by political unrest and government battles with Hukbalahap guerrillas, writers in English in the postwar period honed their sense of craft and techniques. Among the writers who came into their own during this time were: Nick Joaquin, NVM Gonzalez, Francisco Arcellana, Carlos Bulosan, F. Sionil Jose, Ricaredo Demetillo, Kerima Polotan Tuvera, Carlos Angeles, Edilberto K. Tiempo, Amador Daguio, Estrella Alfon, Alejandrino Hufana, Gregorio Brillantes, Bienvenido Santos, Dominador Ilio, T.D. Agcaoili, Alejandro R. Roces, Sinai C. Hamada, Linda Ty-Casper, Virginia Moreno, Luis Dato, Gilda Cordero-Fernando, Abelardo and Tarrosa Subido, Manuel A. Viray, Vicente Rivera Jr., and Oscar de Zuà ±iga, among many others. Read more:  The Virgin by Kerima Polotan Fresh from studies in American universities, usually as Fulbright or Rockefeller scholars, a number of these writers introduced New Criticism to the country and applied its tenets in literature classes and writing workshops. In this way were born the Silliman Writers Summer Workshop (started in 1962 by Edilberto K. Tiempo and Edith L. Tiempo) and the U.P. Writers Summer Workshop (started in 1965 by the Department of English at the U.P.). To this day, these workshops help discover writing talents and develop them in their craft. Culture The arrival of the Japanese caused tremendous fear, hardships and suffering among the Filipinos. The Filipino way of life was greatly affected during the Japanese period. The Filipinos lost their freedom of speech and expression. The development of art was also stopped. Filipinos greatly feared the â€Å"zoning†. There were Filipinos spies hired by the Japanese to point those who were suspected of being part of the guerilla movement. The Japanese made some changes in the system of education. Music Despite the terror and uncertainty brought by the Second World War and the Japanese rule in the country, playing and listening to music were among the leisure activities that somehow made life bearable for Filipinos. Under their rule, the Japanese imposed their own music on the country. Japanese music was heard daily in radio broadcasts. Their songs were also taught in public schools. Students, however, never took these songs to heart. The performance of jazz and Western music identified with the allied nations of the war was prohibited. Hence, the Japanese held conferences and lectures on Oriental music in Manila with the hope of diverting the loyalty of the Filipinos away from the Americans. The first was a Japanese Musical Mission to the Philippines held on May 7, 1943, with the support of the New Philippine Musical Federation headed by Kosak Yamada. The Japanese nevertheless encouraged the creation and performance of music with native themes through music contests. Concerts were also a common form of amusement for Filipinos at the time and the Metropolitan Theater became an important venue for cultural events. Classical music, including opera, flourished during the war. For instance, the New Philippine Symphony, the first all-Filipino orchestra, was organized. It performed an all-Philippine symphonic program in July 1942, with Francisco Santiago as conductor. The Philippine Conservatory of Music, an affiliate of the Philippine Women’s University, was one of the few music schools in the country that opened during the war. Music-making remained a popular pastime in homes. Families sang and played musical instruments to entertain themselves. On special occasions, families held special concerts for themselves, as well as their friends. All these prove that even during turbulent times, Filipinos’ love of music could never be suppressed. Poetry Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were: 1. Haiku – a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in meaning. 2. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and it’s also allegorical in meaning. 3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) – like those mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of this book. Drama The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio , and Narciso Pimentel. They also founded the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines. A few of playwriters were: 1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote PANDAY PIRA 2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI 3. Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game Hide and Seek). 4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY. C. Short Story The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories. Among them were: Brigido Batungbakal , Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo , Liwayway Arceo , Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman. The best writings in 1945 were selected by a group of judges composed of francisco icasiano , jose esperanza cruz, antonio rosales, clodualdo del mundo and teodoro santos. As a result of this selection, the following got the first three prizes: first prize: narciso reyes with his lupang tinubuan second prize: liwayway arceo’s uhaw ang tigang na lupa third prize: nvm gonzales’ lunsod nayon at dagat-dagatan Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS. Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos Bulosan. Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS. Fred Ruiz Castro wrote a few poems. F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine Review. Literature Because of the strict prohibitions imposed b the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period. The few who dared to write did so for their bread and butter or for propaganda. Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness. While some continued to write, the majority waited for a better climate to publish their works. Carlos Bulosan’s works included THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944), THE VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX FILIPINO POETS, 1942, among others. Alfredo Litiatco published With Harp and Sling and in 1943, Jose P. Laurel published Forces that Make a Nation Great. The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to meritorious writers. Those who won were: 1. LIKE THE MOLAVE – by Rafael Zulueta da Costa (Poetry) 2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGTH HOME A WIFE – by Manuel E. Arguilla (Short Story) 3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY – by Salvador P. Lopez (Essay) 4. HIS NATIVE SOIL – by Juan Laya (Novel) President Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography THE GOOD FIGHT was published posthumously. Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fear and doubts in the hearts of the people. Other writers of this period were Juan Collas (19440, Tomas Confesor (1945), Roman A. de la Cruz and Elisa Tabuà ±ar .

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Why do women live longer than men Does the answer lie in biology, Essay

Why do women live longer than men Does the answer lie in biology, nutrition, psychology or sociology - Essay Example This has been attributed to various behavioral and biological reasons. Research indicates a decrease in mortality rates among women in 20th century. The life expectancy gap between various races and people has narrowed significantly, with the gender gap becoming wider. This affects sex ratio, and social and demographic factors like marriage and valuation of pension plans (Reijo & Chen 2013, p. 118). Men are believed to die younger due to stressful lives than women. If this was true, the gap could be decreasing significantly as more women assume jobs that were previously believed to be for men. Also, women get stressed as they work outside home on top of the stresses at home. However, despite women living longer than men, they are less healthy than men at old age. Biologically, women are considered to be more fit than males due to the hormonal and genetic differences (Eskes & Clemens 2007, p. 126). Theoretically, aging results from the gradual accumulation of the tiny faults and damages to cellular components like DNA and protein. Women are believed to have the biological advantage as due to their involvement in reproduction. Women are involved in reproduction for longer than males. Also, it is argued that iron may cause early deaths. The only way to lead out the iron is through blood, which is normally an advantage in females as a result of menstrual cycles. High accumulations of iron raise the toxic level as iron is an oxidizing element that has potential of increasing the heart diseases and risks of cancer (Ginter & Simko 2013, p. 45). Women have 2 X-chromosomes and men have X and Y chromosomes. The second X chromosome in women acts as a backup after the other gene becomes damaged. Recent hypotheses indicate that Y gene is normally toxic and acts as a source for other gene products accelerating aging. Specifically, women have microRNA and X chromosome in their ribonucleic acid. Most microRNA is found in X chromosome,

Public Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Law - Assignment Example However, this must be done with due regard to the fundamental human rights. Therefore, an Act enacted to provide a regulatory framework must entail forward thinking approaches that incorporate holistic mechanics to safeguard infringement of individual entitlements enshrined in the bill of rights and championed by the international law. Case 1 Understandably, the fictitious Airport Security Act 2009 apparently gives the UK minister of security a free hand in devising and imposing bans on persons deemed to be security threats within the vicinity of the UK airports. As a matter of first principle, the legality of the Security Act 2009 should be operationalized within the guiding framework of the public laws as well as approved international laws. Due to a Ministerial policy of an always imposition of restrictive orders on persons considered threats to the Airport safety, Roger found himself dismissed unfit to serve as a security personnel in the Airports on grounds of assault allegation s on Alexa, his former girlfriend. According to the law, discretionary powers must be exercised within reasonable limits. Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) prohibits inhuman treatment or punishment. Further, article 3(2) of the same Acts put limitations on imposed restriction orders by requiring precise and clear definition in situations where curtailment of rights are involved. The minister’s directive is no doubt a preservative measure to safeguard â€Å"Human security,† which requires absence of violent conflicts.1 However, minister discretion baring Roger from access to all airports amounts to unreasonable use of powers. In Secretary of State for Education v Tameside M.B.C. case involving the use of discretionary powers, the Secretary of State power to reject applications authorizing the running of grammar school system was under review. Accordingly, the court found the Secretary of State for Education discretion to rejec t the system unreasonable stating that the grammar school system had a proven track record and was therefore a reasonable system of education.2 The basis of the directive in Roger case cannot be ascertained with finality as there is no evidence of criminal record to warrant a label of security threat to all airports. Thus, Roger has legal standing to seek redress in a court of law provided his testimony satisfy the "victim test" stipulated under Article 34 of the Human Rights Act of 1998. According to Section 4 of the Security Act 2009, the Minister of Security has power to issue a restriction order in circumstances he thinks fit. This process regardless of whether the such decisions are ‘right’ or ‘correct’ decision, falls far short of the procedural legal basis in reaching a conclusive decision as set forth under the law. The Act is in contravention of the constitutional right of access to the courts at common law,3 which also involves the right to be hea rd and unimpeded access to a legal expert to offer legal advice and assistance.4 Case 2 One of the fundamental principles of the Geneva Convention Asylum agreements provides for surrogate protection to those failed by their home countries.5 Filling the void of a â€Å"factual breach of bond† between the citizen and the motherland, the law affords protection to the

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Criminal Justice Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Justice Corrections - Essay Example There are a wide variety of sentencing options available to judges today that range from community service to the death penalty. The type of crime, severity of the crime, the philosophy of the court, and the law all impact the sentence that a criminal will receive when convicted of a criminal act. There are a wide range of options that a judge has when considering the sentence that a criminal deserves. Minor crimes, such as shoplifting or prostitution, are often handled by sentencing the offender to a fine or probation. Probation dates back several centuries and has evolved from an informal monitoring procedure to a highly evolved system procedure (County of Suffolk NY, n.d.). Probation is the suspension of a sentence in favor of community monitoring, where the offender has the opportunity for rehabilitation. In addition, the offender may be sentenced to house arrest in which the convicted criminal is restricted in mobility and is only allowed in their home or at their place of employment. This gives the courts a high degree of accountability and restriction, while keeping the criminal off the streets and away from the public. Both probation and house arrest can be effective alternative sentences for first time offenders or petty criminals who have hope of rehabilitation. Typically, when we think of sentencing for a criminal act, we think of it in terms of incarceration. For more severe crimes such as felonies or crimes of violence, the risk to society of re-offending makes incarceration an effective tool. Criminals may be jailed at a local, state, or federal facility depending upon the nature of the crime and the jurisdiction. Incarceration rates have risen sharply in recent years from 150 per 100,000 in 1980 to 500 per 100,000 in 2005 (After sharp increases, 2007). The increased rates of incarceration have come not only as a result of an increase in criminal activity, but also from conservative attitudes that believe in a get tough policy on crime (Mears et al., 2007). On the more severe end of sentencing is the death penalty. This sentence is reserved for the most heinous and vicious crimes and serves to demonstrate society's condemnation of certain criminal acts. The criminal, the crime, and the court will come together to determine an appropriat e sentence. The sentence handed down in a court is often the result of the philosophy of the court, and especially of the residing judge. Sentencing can be viewed as either restorative or retributive. Retributive sentencing seeks to punish the offender without compassion or hope of rehabilitation. Advocates of retributive sentencing believe that stiff sentences act as a deterrent, and when a criminal is deterred there is no need for rehabilitation. They see sentencing as a punishment. In contrast, restorative sentencing seeks to repair the harm done by the crime and reintegrate the criminal into the community. The sentence may consist of restitution, drug treatment, or community service. Advocates contend that "the one who did the harm gains stronger skills and community connections, the opportunity to develop empathy, and the knowledge that they have corrected their mistake" (Ball, 2003, p.51). While retributive sentencing is based on the concept of 'an eye for an eye', "restorative justice fin ds pain/punishment often counterproductive for both victim and offender" (Mosak, 2006, p.3). These are the issues that face the criminal judge when determining

Outline for Examining Three Contemporary Artworks Essay

Outline for Examining Three Contemporary Artworks - Essay Example The essay "Outline for Examining Three Contemporary Artworks" gives an outline for an essay that should analyze Three Contemporary Artworks. The relevant material listed below: the key themes portrayed by the author on this subject are investigation of the modern border regime based on his perspective; the author also seeks to present how art work informs his exhibitions driven by conceptuality; the theoretical framework implies there are chances the author may be a curator as he is able effectively compare the modern and recent art; Some of the concepts mentioned in the writing are epistemology, anthropology and dichotomy. These help us in identifying the boundary between the modern and ancient art; stipulates that , â€Å"The ‘rationalist veil’ is a privileged site of a particular modern practice aimed at creating continuity, blending systemic knowledge, belief, and the power of imagery.†Sound art is one contemporary art that draws focus on aural stimulation unl ike the traditional painting which interests the eye. The introductory sentence can be tied to the following: the art uses music and sound technology to create artistic experience; in order to value sound art as a worthwhile form in the history of art we must shy away from nomenclature and focus on sound aesthetics; the vocabulary of sound as well as its role in contemporary art has chanced compared to the classical art so as to suite new works; music entails jargon as beat, atonal, and canon. The art of drawing has remained unchanged for years.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

A brief, informal Book report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A brief, informal Book report - Essay Example Thus, the certified athletic trainers were not considered as ideal role models in terms of fitness and personal health (Vos 3). The goal of the report is mainly rooted on different facts. One is the need to avoid health care costs by methods of maintaining healthy a body. Another is to determine a particular group that can help guide the improvement of the health of the population which in this case – the certified athletic trainers (Vos 9). The target audience of the study includes both the health professionals and the general public since the data presented and the language used can easily be understood by the layman. There are technical parts such as the analysis and discussion of the results but the said parts are pertinent to the validity and understanding of the study (Vos 28). In terms of the reliability of the study based on the author, it can be considered that it is reliable. This is based on the fact that the dissertation is for Master’s degree in education. For that matter, the main perspective of the author is through educating the target audience on the importance of health. There are no political and social bents in the study, which makes it more reliable and focused on the goals. It can be considered as a strong reference regardless of the fact that it is a dissertation du to different reasons. One reason is fact that data were gathered from actual empirical study. The result of the study by Vos does not support the argument because the main assumption presented in the research made is that health professionals are the people to be trusted in terms of health related issues such as the maintenance and improvement of the state of the human body. The main focus of the study undertaken wherein the work of Vos had been used as a reference is to point out the importance of educating the people on the importance of the improvement and maintenance of the

Wind Energy in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wind Energy in India - Essay Example One reason that has seen this form of natural energy dwindle is its nonrenewable nature. In this regard, humankind cannot renew natural gases and reuse them once they consume these resources. In addition, humankind has overexploited natural gases for economic gains in order to develop important sectors of the economy. These two factors have contributed to the depletion and the diminishing nature of this natural form of energy. Consequently, these depleting resources have necessitated humankind’s search of other sources of energy that were long-term and renewable. One such source of energy is the energy tapped from the wind and the sun, also known as wind energy and solar energy respectively. In line with this, nations have realized that these two forms of energy are renewable, and their use enhances a safe environment. All nations, despite their economic empowerment, have realized the importance role of wind and solar energy in meeting their energy demands. India is one of the nations of the world that has identified the important role of wind in producing energy. As a result, the country has made substantial investments in order to ensure that it tapped energy from wind to enhance its chances of meeting its national energy needs. Hence, this expose elucidates on the aspects that have enabled the use of wind energy in India. In addition, the expose will investigate any existing benefits and detrimental effects resulting from the use of wind energy in India. Finally, it is important to investigate the potential use of wind energy in India and its effects on energy or pollution situation over the world due to the ability of other sources of energy to cause pollution and affect the energy reserves due to their continued use. India is one of the countries that have the highest population. In addition, the economy of the country has been growing at an astronomical rate. In effect, demand for energy to sustain this growth is high with the country looking for o ther sources of energy rather than relying on the conventional sources of energy (Invest India). In addition, the country realized the importance of ensuring energy security, reducing the intensity of the density of carbon resulting from the use of nonrenewable energy, and reducing the adverse effects of natural gases use in the environment. To achieve the objectives, India realized that nonrenewable source of energy, with wind energy being the principal source, was a crucial way of achieving energy security, reducing the levels of carbon resulting from the use of nonrenewable energy, and improving a clean environment from the use of wind energy, which is a clean form of energy (Sargsyan et al.). In a 2001 census by India’s Ministry of Power, only 496,365 villages out of 593,732 were supplied with electricity power, which put the per capita consumption of energy in the country at 639 kWh making it one of the lowest in the world (Sargasyan et al. 2). In effect, a big proportio n of the country’s population cannot access the national power grid. One of the reasons leading to the failure to access the national power grid regards to the cost of power with most forms of natural energy being naturally expensive. Sargasyan et al. also noted that the country’s reliance on conventional forms of energy contributed to power shortages since these conventional sources were unreliable (2). Hence, the opportunity costs arising from diversifying to other sources of energy was high, which necessitated the need to identify other sources of

Monday, August 26, 2019

Breakfast cereal kellogg's as an oligopoly Essay

Breakfast cereal kellogg's as an oligopoly - Essay Example They have a very serious concern about the customer service satisfaction process. It has been seen as a norm for the people at Kellogg’s it comes as second nature to them. Monopolistic competitions are made up of single companies. Currently in case of Kellogg’s there are many local competitors and it is important that the business have their own niches, the competitors are for select group of people and therefore, they have not actually been interfering with each other. The local competitors can not in any way be equivalent to the Kellogg’s brand as they are operating at the international level and have reach in around 180 countries. This gives them a huge profit margin and even leverage in the practices they carry out. They have been marketing themselves as the healthiest way for breakfast and they have around 35 products, these products cater to adults, children, diabetic patients, heart patients, then they have a whole range of breakfast cornflakes for the weight watchers. They have portrayed the product as a weight loss and diet supplementing breakfast options. They have had special focus on nutrients in nearly all their cereals. The fact that they have now been highlighting in all their cereals is the presence of high iron content in them. They have even introduced a women specific and weightwatcher women in the world (DRANOVE, MARCIANO, 2005). Kellogg’s is a house of brands as it has, around 35 successful cereal brands operating under them and that to quite successfully. Their products are being manufactured in 180 countries of the World and they have a total of 18 manufacturing plants. They have spent quite a lot in advertising since they started. It was a product of the creation of possibilities for healthier diet when it had been ordered by the church. The grains that were used were initially very simple ones, but then they were mixed

The Fold Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Fold Theory - Essay Example Deleuze finds the existence of the soul in the body; however, since there is no way for the exiting of the same, he justifies the statements made by his predecessor philosophers’ opinions regarding the place of the soul in the upper dark chamber of the body, diversified by folds, i.e. the mind. Deleuze also cites Focillon, where he submits to state that the latter viewed Baroque Gothic as the birth of the mystical experience, which is actually the long voyage of the soul within various parts of the vast and endless universe. Hence, the body remains confined to one specific zone or area, where it is actually present, while soul seeks no limits and boundaries for traveling and can reach everywhere it wants to move. On the contrary, the body remains silent to some extent and requires permissions and efforts in order to change its place. Deleuze declares Leibniz as the first philosopher to define and elucidate the mystical and mathematical dimensions in his work. He also states th at the world is made up of monads and divergent series, which can be compared to the folds. Consequently, it can be examined by keeping in view the infinity of pleats and creases of unified and dispersed matter. Deleuze has also discussed plastic forces in an analytical manner by presenting the examples of organism or living matter, where artificial is always inferior to the real one. It is because of the very fact that plastic cannot perform altogether in such a way as the living matter, though it is more machinelike than mechanical.

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Business analytics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business analytics - Research Paper Example Imagine an organization in which the marketing department requires key reports from the technology department. Clearly, the issue of latency can be a factor that can delay essential decision making. With the boom of e-commerce, this has become even more pivotal. For many decades, companies have established itself as one of the most premiere companies internationally. Business Analytics (2014) In order to harness the growth of customers worldwide, McDonald’s has created data warehousing that has allowed the company to understand the customers, track inventory, and monitor financials. All of these components are integrated in one dashboard that has harnessed BI. A centralized information from all the sources (e.g. point-of-sale (POS) system, equipment monitoring, etc) where all sorts of information, real-time feeds and legacy information, can be monitored and analyzed in most efficient and precise way via data warehousing. Oracle ERP system, which can handle most day-to-day business functions, would serve as the hub. POS and other devices use business Analytics software to gather sales information and marketing data, which is then transferred to an Oracle database for analysis would help organizations have robust information of their business processes and assist them monitoring the progress of their business in the terms of sales, revenues, inventory management, staff allocation, location of the business in terms of which is profitable or unprofitable, and also gives them the head start to mitigate any risk.

Human nature and Western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human nature and Western civilization - Essay Example No one can call a place West. Civilization - what does it mean? Around three hundred years ago European intellectuals, inspired by the astonishing cultural changes they had witnessed over the previous century, began to develop the concept of â€Å"civilization† as a way of describing the differences they perceived between their manner of understanding the world and that of other peoples. These intellectuals were convinced that their fellow Europeans had recently discovered the one true way of understanding nature, including human nature, and that they had done so by liberating themselves from the prejudices, superstitions and dogmatic ignorance of those that had preceded them. The label â€Å"civilization† was born in this context as a term of collective description connoting the â€Å"advanced† beliefs, practices, and cultural habits which the Europeans had acquired. For Europeans â€Å"civilization† was the benefit they had received from the intellectual upheavals which had overturned medieval barbarism and ignorance. Similarly, when Europeans began to travel around the globe on their many voyages of discovery and conquest, they carried their notion of â€Å"civilization† with them, using it to describe the differences they saw between their manner of viewing things and those of the people they encountered. The idea of â€Å"Western Civilization† was thus born when Europeans began to employ the new concept of â€Å"civilization† to contrast the European approach to life and nature (which they believed to be the one, true, â€Å"modern† way of viewing things) with that of non-Europeans. In this respect, the concept of â€Å"Western Civilization† emerged in... The essay focuses on human nature and Western civilization and their terms. Take for example, human nature. What's human nature? Is it different from human behavior? . Human nature is affected by both genetic and experiential factors. People develop just the way they are because of the social circumstances they were born in and in the context of their genetic potential. How about civilization? What does it mean? The label â€Å"civilization† was born in this context as a term of collective description connoting the â€Å"advanced† beliefs, practices, and cultural habits which the Europeans had acquired. For Europeans â€Å"civilization† was the benefit they had received from the intellectual upheavals which had overturned medieval barbarism and ignorance. Similarly, when Europeans began to travel around the globe on their many voyages of discovery and conquest, they carried their notion of â€Å"civilization† with them, using it to describe the differences they saw between their manner of viewing things and those of the people they encountered. The essay's conclusion focuses on this point. One handles emotions by society and genetic predisposition as mentioned. In the end though, we can determine that power struggle and that desire to be the leader of the pack still governs the motivations of people in the course of human history. May it be from the deep dirges of history or with different forms of government, humans will be humans and will continue to have the same weaknesses, just different manifestations as dictated by time.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Literature Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature Critique - Assignment Example Keung (2009) takes a look at the state of Corporate Social Responsibility in China in the wake of the various ethical challenges facing the business community in China. The arguments of Keung (2009) are based on the surveys that had been recently done in China in order to explore China’s corporate social responsibility issue. Keung (2009) further articulates a notion of business ethics that embraces a model that is in use in Europe and which is becoming popular in China. This report aims to review Keung (2009) that explores the challenges that have hindered the progression of corporate social responsibility in China’s business community critically by assessing the research questions, the research methodology and design, the limitations of the study in context to literature that is available that addresses this same topic. Keung (2009) fits into the chosen area of research because it explores corporate social responsibility with respect to the Chinese business community. This is in line with the chosen project area that deals with the study of the impact of social responsibility implementation to Chinese manufacturers. The article being critiqued aims to unravel the various challenges that face Corporate Social Responsibility in China and development of business ethics in China. The article begins by looking at the moral doldrums that have affected the business and environment in China. It explores issues such as the environmental crisis in Chian that has been caused by the increased use of cola as a source of energy. Labour right issues and product safety issues are also discussed. Product issues like substandard goods, fake products are critically analysed. The first section ends with a look at the culture of profit and the aftermath that it had in China .Keung goes ahead to review the various corporate activities that have been witnessed in China and the factors that have influenced the development of

IPhone Product Sales Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

IPhone Product Sales Plan - Research Paper Example With the said concept as the main weapon, optimization of the features of the product can be considered as the fundamental perspective. Prior to the development of the iPhone, the mobile industry had a rough journey in terms of sales. There is a clear dependence on the network providers. Mobile phones were even viewed then as a tool to achieve services from the said mobile network. In the said view, mobile phones were cheap and features were limited (Vogelstein, 1998). In 2006, there had been a rapid increase in the number of mobile users and subscribers estimated at 2 billion all over the world. Another trend that started in the same period is the sales of mobile phones based on the technology or the features which became the onset for the development of technologies related to mobile cameras, wireless capabilities, memory capacities and other concepts that became weapons of competitive advantage (Reed Electronics Research, 2002). Basically, the development of the iPhone took advantage of the said trends and developments in the mobile industry. The technology presented by the iPhone also considered by authorities as a wave that enabled the mobile phone companies to dictate sales on the basis of the product capabilities rather than the services that the mobile networks are offering (Vogelstein, 1998). B.Flagship products The product iPhone is from the Apple Inc., a company known for product innovation and product exclusiveness which enable the company to set a price different from competitors. Apple Inc. is recognized for products such as the Mac computer, iPod, iTunes and the latest innovation iPad (Apple Inc. Website, 2010).

Friday, August 23, 2019

In light of recent and current economic events, discuss the impact of Essay

In light of recent and current economic events, discuss the impact of changing market conditions on the behaviour of firms and consumers - Essay Example In particular, it seeks to illustrate how firms and consumers are affected by these changes in market conditions. The old rules in doing business are different from the rules that are applied in the recent times. In spite of intense competition in many industries, markets have become open to new entrants due to the lessening of barriers, which used to impede free trade in the once confined and protected markets (Wangwe, 1995). According to Albrecht & Sack (2000, p. 5), there are three major developments that have paved the way to the transformation of the business environment. These developments point out to technology, globalization, and power that is vested to some market investors, who hold the majority of the shares in large companies. Technology advancements resulted in a dramatic transformation of communication and culture. Technology has connected the seven continents, which has made transactions simpler and faster in the business environment. Information preparation and dissemination are now made economical by technology that diminished the traditional constraints of communication (Albrecht & Sack, 2000, p. 5). Globalization, on the one hand, enabled the consolidation of the different worldwide markets into one immense marketplace (Albrecht & Sack, 2000). The global market is dominated by big companies that give rise to globalization and fuel stiff competition.  The third development is connected with the two aforementioned developments. Powerful multinational companies are now considered powerful because of how they have conquered many industries due to their advanced technology and extensive participation in globalization. The graph above shows changing market conditions in three markets. Three hypothetical markets were pointed out in the graph. The rising of demand that results in the rising of price and quantity is shown in market A. The rising of supply that results in the rising of quantity and lowering of price is shown in market B.

Legal Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Advice - Essay Example Factual Information In summary, Mr. and Mrs. Elliot (‘the Elliots’) made an application to their Council, on behalf of their son, Billy, for a grant for their son to study at a residential ballot school. The application was made on the following grounds: there were no comparable schools available within a reasonable proximity of their home; they were unable to pay the fees of the available schools; and, under the heading â€Å"other exceptional circumstances†, they argued that their son had been the victim of bullying at his local school due to his interest in ballot dancing. The Council rejected the application without having considered oral representations from the Elliots. The Grants Application Officer informed Mrs. Elliot, by telephone, that the application had been rejected because ballot schools had been excluded from the range of courses which were being funded. Mrs. Elliot was further informed that the Council never considered issues falling under "other exceptional circumstances" due to the ‘lengthy disputes’ which often resulted. The Grants Application Officer stated that in any event the Council had no duty to award a grant as they could exercise their discretion as they deemed appropriate in the circumstances. ... Word limit: 1500 (+/-10%) Legal Advice Introduction Mr. and Mrs. Elliot are seeking advice on the prospects of successfully applying for judicial review against a decision by their local authority (‘the Council’) to refuse their son a grant to study at a residential ballot school. This advice has been divided into the following sections: Factual Information; The Remit of Judicial Review; The Requirements of Judicial Review; Legal Analysis of the Issues; and Conclusion. Factual Information In summary, Mr. and Mrs. Elliot (‘the Elliots’) made an application to their Council, on behalf of their son, Billy, for a grant for their son to study at a residential ballot school. The application was made on the following grounds: there were no comparable schools available within a reasonable proximity of their home; they were unable to pay the fees of the available schools; and, under the heading â€Å"other exceptional circumstances†, they argued that their son had been the victim of bullying at his local school due to his interest in ballot dancing. The Council rejected the application without having considered oral representations from the Elliots. The Grants Application Officer informed Mrs. Elliot, by telephone, that the application had been rejected because ballot schools had been excluded from the range of courses which were being funded. Mrs. Elliot was further informed that the Council never considered issues falling under "other exceptional circumstances" due to the ‘lengthy disputes’ which often resulted. The Grants Application Officer stated that in any event the Council had no duty to award a grant as they could exercise their discretion as they deemed appropriate in the circumstances. In light of the above, the Elliots seek advice on the

Perfect Competition Model Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perfect Competition Model - Research Proposal Example Markets become perfectly competitive when they contain all of the following features and fail to be termed as perfectly competitive due to the absence of one or more requirements of the perfect competition model. The steel market may be termed as perfectly competitive as it has all of the following features: The products are homogeneous, i.e. the products are not differentiated from each other in any aspect such as color, scent, packaging etc. Buyers cannot distinguish between products of different producers, that is why there is little or no incentive for firms to spend on advertising or marketing. There is the existence of "Omniscience", i.e. all the buyers, sellers, workers etc. have perfect knowledge of market conditions, whether it be the price charged by all the producers or the wages offered to labor etc. Firms cannot earn supernormal profits in the long run. As there are no barriers to entry, any supernormal profits (earned in the short-run) attracts more suppliers into the industry causing the supply to increase until the point the profit is completely driven off and the industry comes to its equilibrium position. Similarly, in the case of subnormal profits or loss (in the short-run), some firms will leave the industry, shifting the industry's supply curve to the left, raising prices and helps the firm earn normal profits in the long run. FIGURE 1 The likely impact on the profits of steel producers of the rise in the world price of steel from 2002-2004 The likely impact on the steel producers of the rise in the world price of steel is that there was a rise in the revenue earned by steel manufacturers. Since the steel market may be termed as perfectly competitive, there is little that the manufacturers can do to differentiate their product (i.e. steel), however, they can sell there entire output or whatever output they wish to sell at the current market price. As shown in Figure 1, the demand for a company is perfectly elastic, it has to sell whatever output it wants at the current market price only if the company decides to increase its price its demand may fall tenfold or even to zero. Between the period 2002-2004, there was a sharp increase in the demand for steel, at the same time there was also a noticeable increase in the production of steel with China emerging prominently as a large manufacturer and with high demand as well.  

Descriptive Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Descriptive Ethnography - Essay Example The Hispanics as demonstrated by the young Hispanic female emphasize on respect on all their forms of communication and rarely initiate conversations since they prefer to be approached. Mostly, the Hispanics interpret eye contact as a more confrontational body language and further considers that being ignored is as a sign of disrespect and offensive. The Hispanics do avoid too much gesturing and insist on maintaining an accepting attitude. The Hispanics are never contented with some questions such as questions concerning immigration status and religion and are seen to be very expressive in communication. Majority of Hispanics are Roman Catholic which acts as the main source for both information and are also known to be people who are very proud of their heritage hence do not forget their origin (Roll & Irwin, 2008). A young Hispanic female around 19-20 talks on her cell phone while walking towards the cafeteria and is wearing a red jacket with SF 49’ers logo in the back. She m ust be a 49’ers fan or maybe because of the hotness of the 49’ers hence suggesting her love for hot things. The Hispanic girl wears big round gold earrings and has her nails painted red and well kept. She loves herself so much and adores elegance and fashion as the Hispanic culture explains. She looks fashionable and elegance as she puts her black backpack on her left shoulder. The backpack looks empty hence suggesting her love for stylishness. She wears blue jeans that look like the fancy type due to its washed out color and a logo. that is not recognizable. Her full tan purse on her right shoulder looks fuller than her backpack may be to show her adoption to the current trends and fashion of carrying purse. The purse may be carrying her make ups that ensure she looks beautiful all the time and anywhere. She walks so fast but she is not in a hurry maybe because of her fear for eyes and the fact that Hispanic culture does not recognize much the female gender. She must be hurrying to get away from the possible onlookers or admirers who may get a glimpse of her. She wears a smile on her face with her head rocking front and back perhaps to gain confidence. She does not seem to be having enough confidence especially when she is amidst many people. She does not seem to care about what happens around her as she hurriedly disappears into the cafeteria without looking sideways (Roll & Irwin, 2008). The patterns of communication amongst the African Americans are mostly familiar with Anglo American patterns. The African Americans are largely affected by the past incidents of racism and sense of subjection in their interactions thus making them show respect at all times while communicating. This group of people believe in a prolonged eye contact which is always seen as confrontational or aggressive and would mostly seek assistance from the religious leaders if need arose (Pinn, Finley & Alexander, 2009). The African Americans do not address people by their first names which are construed as lack of respect but may use the first names if they are urged to do so. This group of pe

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Ethnic Differences in USA Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Differences in USA Essay The US is a diverse country racially and ethnically. The six recognized races are: white, American Indian and Alaska native, Asian, African American, native Hawaiian or other pacific islander, and a people of two or more races. Whites alone constitute 75% of the total population in the US according to the American Community Survey (ACS). Hispanic or Latino ethnicity of any race accounts for 15. 4% of the total. Other ethnic groups counted alone constitute the rest. These groups are African Americans (12. 4%), some other races (4. 9%), Asian (4. 4%), two or more races (2. 3%), American Indian or Alaska native (0. 8%) and native Hawaiian or other pacific islander (0. 14%). These figures add up to more than 100% because Hispanic and Latino Americans are distributed among all the races and also listed as an ethnicity category, resulting in a double count. Immigration to the US is what has made it into such a diverse country. The influx of immigrants in the last 100yrs has totally changed the racial/ethnic group’s arithmetic. Look more:Â  ethnicity examples essay It’s projected that by 2050, the whites will no longer be the majority. The relations among racial or/and ethnic groups have not always been calm. Segregation based on race has been rampant since colonial era. Racist altitudes, or prejudice, are still held by a substantial portion of the US population today. There exists today, both covert and overt discrimination against African American, Latin Americans and Muslims. The issues of treatments of certain races have sparked confrontations and even a war. The truth is that all races or/and ethnic groups have at some point in history faced discrimination including whites. Over time institutional discrimination has been overturned and theoretically any American cannot be refused employment, admission to a school because of his race. But as I have indicated above, there is still lingering prejudice against some minorities. There have been many suggestions on how to deal the problem of discrimination. Personally I think that lack of information is what informs prejudice and stereotyping. Therefore, education on other races and/or ethnic groups is important. The government should institute affirmative action to support marginalized groups and support dialogue among groups. I think the student post depicts separateness and alienation among races and ethnic groups. References O’Hare, W. , Pollard, K. (1999). America’s Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Retrieved July 25, 2010, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa3761/is_199909/ai_n8872409/

Macro and Micro Environmental Factors Essay Example for Free

Macro and Micro Environmental Factors Essay There are many other products to choose in the soft drink market include Pepsi Co product , the different is those products are cheaper than Gatorade * In order to attract more customers, Gatorade has improved its product quality and spent lots of money on advertising. -Selling products Gatorade mostly is the imported product so most distributor afraid that they can’t sell Gatorade because of Gatorade price * Gatorade has increased the supplier’s commission. -Publics: The customers in the last 1 year with the developing of VN economic has begun to care about their health lately. Many sport center, fitness club, etc†¦ has been opened in the last 15 years. * The big, potential market for energy beverage drink such as Gatorade to grow. As the result, Pepsi has built up many small, convenient store around those places. * Advertising and promoting trough sport events. Gatorade is also focus on McKinsey’s structure include: structure, strategy, and skill, staff, and style, system and share value. + Style: Gatorade is one of the company which have style. It helps Pepsi too adopted to changes so it can reach and fix it quickly. + Strategy: Improve the sport drink market in VN * Improve both product quality and price * Has an production line in VN with cheap resources and good materials but still guarantee the quality. So as to compete, Pepsi has advertised its product a lot and had various surveys to research what their consumer’s needs and produce healthy products are. Macro environment -Political : VN has been the 150th member of WTO so it has attracted many big investors all over the world. The government has supported many enterprises and business investments by changing to the international law, this has led to more active business action which the consumers can approach to the local products and costumers can have more choice within all the global products too. * Pepsi Co considered about importing more Gatorade in each trip to reduce to price and earn more revenue or adding no more product. -Technology: Consumers now mostly pay all the products by credit, master or visa card which allows company to narrow the distance between producer and buyer. gt; It invests not only in one country but open up many branches all over the world and there must be decision whether to use capital for hiring staff, advertising the product, etc†¦. or not Economics environment: The average income of a Vietnamese is affected by inflation and economic ciao. So, the number of selling product s are also decrease. Pepsi has made a decision to having more and more promotion, and held lots of social event to refresh the consumer’s comments about the company to set up a good new one. Environment: The environment issue in VN is becoming more and more serious. This problem is can’t be avoid in developing country. It’s the result of industrialize and modernization. To reduce pollution government has set up a law in order to protect the environment. Even though, Vietnamese’s awareness isn’t as high as other country but the law has been enforced a great punishment to those who pollute the environment. * This make Pepsi spent lots of money in buy new green-facilities , and providing the idea of protecting the nvironment to not only their staff but also their customers. Both help to protect the environment and stil l promote Pepsi good fame. Bargaining Power of Supplier: the soft drink market in VN and foreign isn’t the exclusive market. Bargaining Power of Consumers: * Industries facing powerful buyers: Distributors have the power to negotiate with the company on price, product quality, as well as marketing policy. * Industries facing weak buyers : have little impact on the market, Each buyers will buy the products with different purposes. Some bought to sell, others for political purpose . Numbers of require products is too much for the producer to still keeping it product quality. So that, the pressure is heavy too Threat of entry: Gatorade has many competitors. Competition from substitutes: Gatorade should be change product when customer want and need, also price and quality. Competition between firms: Gatorade have many competitor in Vietnam. Gatorade should always pay attention to your competitors.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Marketing Communications Plan For Diageo Marketing Essay

Marketing Communications Plan For Diageo Marketing Essay For the company to achieve these objectives, there needs to a situation analysis which will give an overview on the companys currents position. This will be done through analysing the PEST factors that will affect the proposed marketing communications strategy, evaluating White Horse Whiskys performance in the market currently and also identifying the competitors actions. The report will further give an overview of the companys objectives by highlighting the desired position for White Horse whisky through giving a detailed business mission and communication objectives. The communications plan will also give an overview of the how the company will get to its set objectives through the use of the segmentation, targeting and positioning of White Horse Whisky. At the end of the report, the implementation of the plan through the communication tools and messages, the way through which it will be implemented and tracking the progress of the strategy will be discussed to ensure a suitable plan was put into practice. 2.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS (Where are we now?) 2.1 Current Company Performance Diageo is the brand owner of two whisky labels (Bells and White Horse) in the whisky market. White Horse Whisky has a market share of 2.3% in the market as of 2005. The brand has had a downward trend over the past years and wishes to relaunch it in July 2010 to a younger population. The company has a weak distribution chain as Whit Horse Whisky is only available at off-licences and major supermarkets. 2.2 Distinctive Competitive (Marketing) Advantages White Horse Whisky is an established brand which was created in 1890. It has been know as a quality whisky brand especially with the current owners who manufacture global drink labels. 2.3 Marketing Mix (4Ps) Product The product is a blended Scotch whisky which is currently at the decline stage. Price The current price of White Horse whisky is  £14.99 per litre for the squat bottle. Place The brand is available only at super markets and off licences shops. Promotion Diageo has ceased advertising support for White Horse whisky. This has made the brand have little competitive advantage in the market because consumers especially the new drinkers will not be aware of the brand and the old drinkers who need constant reminders and reinforcement might think the brand has died if they are not constantly given information. This could also have been the cause of the gradual decline in the market share of White horse whisky with consumers choosing competitor brands over it. 2.4 Current Customer Segments The brand has 2million consumers over the age of 50years. This accounts for over 50% of the brand consumption. This age group is the ageing population and if the trend continues with them, the brand will eventually die off. 2.5 Uncontrollable Event(s) That Can Impact on the Marketing of White Horse Whisky (Macro Environment) PEEST Analysis Political/legal Whisky brands may be advertised on TV now. Economic The Scotch whisky market has been in decline for over 15years. Ecological/physical environment Increased environmental awareness and the need to treat and respect the world. Socio-cultural Drinking patters have moved away from traditional dark spirits in favour of white spirits, wines and lagers. The number of people in their twenties and thirties drinking whisky has declined over the years. Whisky has always been acknowledged as an acquired taste that was unlikely to appeal to novice drinkers. Whisky is regarded as a spirit that is difficult to mix. Current image of whisky is seen as outdated and largely irrelevant. Binge drinking amongst young people which is seen currently as a serious social problem in UK. Technological Growing rate of internet use among the population in UK. 2.6 Micro Environment MARKET In 2005, the overall whisky market had 3.9m consumers. Size Growth rate White Horse whisky had a decline of 0.6% from 2004 -2005. Market trends The advent of drinkers moving from traditional dark spirits to chilled, long, lighter drinks. Table 1: The market in the microenvironment 2.7 SWOT Analysis for White Horse Whisky Strengths Strong brand name and rich heritage. Diageo has a budget of  £3 strictly for marketing of the brand which will promote awareness and change the way it is perceived by the target audience. Weaknesses Lack of advertising of the brand over the years. Small distribution networks. Opportunities Young people who are being targeted enjoy going out and having fun during their spare time. Recent relaxation of the voluntary code for whisky advertisements on TV. Threats Current whisky image is seen as outdated and largely irrelevant which gives it an old-fashioned image. The Scotch whisky market has been in decline for over 15years Drinking patterns have moved away from traditional spirits like whisky to wine and lagers. Whisky has been known to have an acquired taste that was unlikely to appeal to novice drinkers. Binge drinking by young people. Table 2 : SWOT Analysis for White Horse Whisky 3.0 SET OBJECTIVES (Where Do We Want To Go?) 3.1 Marketing Objectives To increase the brands market share from 2.3% to 6% to consumers under 50years within 3years. 3.2 Marketing Communication Objectives To reposition White Horse whisky from being an old fashioned drink for old age groups to a contemporary and authentic drink for 20-28year old male and females within 3years. 4.0 STRATEGY(How Do We Get There?) 4.1 Segmentation The youth and young people who are upwardly mobile in the UK. 4.2 Targeting The target market will be women and men aged 20-28years who are still experimenting with spirits with no brand loyalty yet. 4.3 Positioning White Horse whisky will be positioned to the target market as a contemporary, fun and quality drink. This position resonates with the values of our target market and our brand values. 4.4 ATR Model for Buying Decision The purchase of whisky is a low involvement decision. This is because it has a low expenditure and cant be viewed as a personal risk. ATR model which is Awareness, Trial, and Repurchase is suitable for this product. The consumer becomes aware of the brand- White Horse whisky through the proposed marketing communication strategy and will make a trial purchase to assess the drink. If taking of the whisky produces favourable results, the consumer will become interested in White Horse whisky and will therefore repeat the buying of the whisky at a later time. This will gradually increase the brand share of the product. The plan will give a devise on how to create the initial awareness of the brand to the selected target market. This can be used to determine the product adoption process. 4.5 Pull Strategy The pull strategy will be adopted to achieve the communication objectives. This strategy involves focusing our communication directly at our target market; this in turn would stimulate a desire, demand and eventual purchase of White Horse Whisky. 5.0 TACTICAL PLAN (How Do We Implement the Strategy?) 5.1 Communication Tools to be used and how they will be used Communication tools Medium Reason for choice Media Vehicles Advertising Type of media selected channels White Horse Target Group Use age Television The target audience have a heavy exposure to TV Specific programmes on ITV: It is an effective tool to reach our target audience on a large scale 1. Prison break This can create a strong brand image for White Horse whisky 2. Gossip Girl TV has a high visual and strong impact that can easily attract the audience because it influences multiple senses. 3. Vampire Dairies The target audience relax by watching these entertainment programmes 4. 24 5. Sports shows Magazine There is high selective readership for magazines. It is easy to communicate with our chosen target audience knowing their choice. Cosmo Girl British Vogue Mens Vogue The magazine can also be passed on to friends and this can be read not necessarily by only the purchaser It will show good quality and pictures and have high information content Billboards and posters This will give a strong impact with a simple message. This helps to connect with the audience less is more attitude.   To be placed strategically near: City centres, malls   Billboards and posters The billboards have a high frequency exposure and will be easily grab attention.   The posters will in addition be placed in bars and clubs The placed location will reach the target market. This will make the target audience aware of the brand as they will be exposed to the advert continuously and frequently.   Advertising Internet This medium is very attractive to them and they spend lots of hours a day on the internet. Low production cost which will reach a potential audience at any time of the day. Web banners on social networking sites (Face book and MySpace) Cinemas The target audience enjoy having night outs especially at the cinema Odeon and Cineworld cinemas across the country when showing:   Action and Science Fiction films in 3D, Romantic Comedy and Thrillers. Spotify This music streaming service has become popular among the target audience. This will be placed for listeners of: rock, RB, hip hop, pop and rap. It has be ability to reach the audience by postcode because there is a registration for the service Its a perfect medium to reach the target audience who love to listen to music. Sales Promotion Free trials Consumers appreciate offers and love to have value for their money. Selected clubs and pubs across the country.   Sales Promotion   Free trials It is quick and easy to implement and will have an immediate impact on the sale of the brand It will encourage retrial Free gifts This will encourage purchase Supermarket chains, off licences There will be a small white horse attached to each white horse whisky bottle There will be free t-shirts distributed to consumers at clubs and bars. Sponsorship Fashion show This will change the perception of it being an old generation drink These sponsorship of youth events will build awareness for the brand The target audience use this as a means of relaxing and will be great fun for them which can easily to reach them. The fashion show and valentine part will hold at selected regions Valentine party 5.2 Message(s) We Wish To Communicate White Horse is approachable, light- hearted and sociable. 5.3 Consistency across Different Tools and Messages The messages are consistent and they all carry the message that the brand is of quality and is a drink for the younger generation. 5.4 Necessary Resources/Budgets There is a  £3 budget for the marketing communication strategy for one year. The budget will be sufficient to implement the strategy in various vehicles for the duration chosen. 6.0 ACTION PLAN (Who, What, When?) Please refer to Appendix 1 and 2 for detailed communication spending. 6.1 Responsible party for implementation This communications plan will be executed by a top advertising firm in the UK. The marketing department will have the responsibility of communication with the advertising agency to ensure all communication is placed as at when due and also make appearances at the sponsorship events. The department will also be responsible for the appropriate quantity distribution of the soft toys (The White Horse) and t-shirts to the regions. The accounting department ensures vouchers raised for the advertising agency are paid on time. Diageos IT department will also make sure the website is always up and running to appeal to consumers who will be visiting the site. 6.2 Time frame of plan implementation The plan will be implemented between July 2010- June 2011. 6.3 Resource Allocation for the Action The communication plan has been done and will cost  £2,899,335. This amount is exclusive of the allocation of  £ 100,000 which will be paid to the agency for creatives production and services. 7.0 CONTROL ( Keeping Track Of Progress) The brand will be monitored through sales analysis. The marketing department will obtain the sales figures weekly that will be used to compare the actual sales of White Horse whisky to the target sale. Information will also be gathered from the distributors of the brand on customers perception of the drink. The sales report should be gotten by region and if any extraordinary low sale is received from any region, their communication should be restructured. Within the first year, the brand share should increase by 0.7% to 3% and the profile of young drinkers should increase to 37%. This will make the overall brand share increase of 6% and 60% of young drinkers by 2013 will be achieved. Depending on the first year figures, the marketing manager should be able to forecast and evaluate the communication strategy being used and make corrective actions where necessary. If there is an exceptionally low increase in the first year period which will essentially where a lot of money will be spent on communication, the communication plans should be revisited to avoid massive failures in 2013. Each person/ department in Diageo should be clear on their responsibilities to enable the company meet the expected target. 8.0 THE 3Ms These are the key resources 8.1 Men This is not mentioned in case study. 8.2 Money   There is a budget of  £3m for the repositioning of White Horse whisky for one year. 8.3 Minutes   The deadline to achieve the 3.7% brand share increase is 3years. The plan will be solely for the 1st year while recommendations for the next 2years will be provided. 9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NEXT 2YEARS From July 2011- July 2013, the following should be done to reinforce the brand in the mind of the consumers: The television adverts should be aired in alternative months. The use of posters at bars and clubs should be continued. The online adverts on Facebook, MySpace and Spotify should continue every month. Other sales promotions should be introduced to give room for another exciting support to the consumers from the brand. The brand should also explore opportunities in celebrity endorsements which the target audience fancy. Quarterly shows should be sponsored at selected clubs around the country. Possible production of shot glasses with the White Horse logo can be distributed to bars and clubs. Appendix 2 (Cost Analysis) TV adverts: Coverage within the UK REGION COST FOR 30 ADVERTS ON ITV LATE PEAK DRAMAS Central  £10,313 London  £16,730 Yorkshire  £3,827 Scotland  £3,169 Total Cost  £34,039 Number of shows to place adverts: 4 Frequency: 4 times weekly, for 20 weeks. Monthly cost:  £344,624 Cinema adverts:  £23,000 per month Magazines: Number of magazines: 4 Frequency: monthly Monthly cost:  £73,200 Outdoor adverts: Billboards and Posters:  £15,000 monthly Online adverts  £37,500 monthly Sponsorships A total of  £150,000 was budgeted to sponsor specified events across the four regions. Sales Promotion 1000 t-shirts and soft horses, free trials over the year:  £ 96,500. 10.0 Creatives to be sent to agency Appendix 3 (Advert for Television and Cinema) This will be a 30 seconds advert which will make our target audience associate White Horse whisky as a fun drink. Scene 1 Nice music playing in the background The advert starts at a bar scene with a couple of people ordering drinks at the bar. In a distance, people can be seen dancing. The camera zooms in on a young man and lady (Lady 1). They exchange pleasantries and the young man leaves shortly as he gets his drink Scene 2 The young man is seen with two others men chatting and looking around. He spots a young lady (Lady 2) in a corner sitting by herself and he walks up to her to ask for a dance. Lady 2 agrees and they move to the dance floor. Scene 3 The young man and Lady 2 are seen dancing and having a good time. Lady 1 walks up to them with two drinks in her hand. She hands a drink over to Lady 2 and turns to face the young man. She says to the young man: I see youve met my mother. The young man has a confused face and says: your mother? Scene 4 The three of are sitted at a table and are seen chatting, laughing and having White Horse whisky. The advert closes and a screen showing the White Horse whisky bottle and a glass with the contents. The tag line: White Horse.Surprising fun is shown below this screen This advert is to make the target audience know that even though the label is old, it still has the right mix and quality to appeal to them. . Appendix 4(Advert for Magazines, Billboards and posters) A picture of a group of four young adults (two men and two women) wearing casual and fashionable outfits. They are smiling at themselves and each person is seen holding a glass that contains White Horse whisky. The caption underneath the picture states: White HorseSurprising fun. Appendix 5(Design for t-shirt) The shirt is a black cotton Polo shirt. At the centre of the shirt in front, there is a White Horse. The back of the shirt carries the caption:Surprising fun.

Legal Frameworks for Child with Disabilities

Legal Frameworks for Child with Disabilities Outline the legal and regulatory requirements in place for children with disabilities or specific requirements. Every child has the right to be treated fairly no matter what their disabilities/circumstances are. It is against the law for Schools to treat a child discouragingly because of discrimination. Direct discrimination is when you actively discriminate against a child ie refusing a chid into the setting because of a disability/condition. Indirect discrimination occurs when practises are in place but they dont take into account the needs of the child ie signs/labels in a different language so the child can read them. There is also discrimination due to disabilities ie a Teacher may stop a child from doing an activity because of time (it will take the child too long to complete the task). This results in fewer opportunities being offered to them to experience and very unfair. There are legal and regulatory requirements that the School must adhere to protect disability and SEN children from discrimination and promote their inclusion: The Equality Act 2010 Provides addition protection from discrimination for children with disabilities. The Act requires children with disabilities receive the same access to public/private services as any other child and for these facilities to make changes to ensure access for all. It promotes equal opportunities/inclusion for all children. The Special Educational Needs (SEN) Code of Practice 2001 Developed to promote practices that value individual needs of children with disabilities and to offer guidance to Schools regarding equality and inclusion. Main purpose is to provide early invention support for children with SEN, to identify their individual needs and provide appropriate support. Main principles of the code are: *Children with SEN should have needs met and normally in mainstream Schools. *Views of the child must be taken into account and Parents must be involved. *SEN children should be offered full access to a broad, balanced and relevant education. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity. Article 1 Respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the rights of children with disabilities to preserve their identities. Article 3 Details rights/entitlements to all children regardless of their individual needs/circumstances. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Human rights treaty that confirms the rights of disabled people. Stresses the importance of disabled people being able to enjoy their human rights equally with non-disabled people. It recognises that people with disabilities do face barriers and outlines strategies to reduce barriers and promote their rights. Warnock Report (1978) Introduces term SEN into UK legislation and emphasises the 2 categories of children with SEN 1) children who experience difficulties at School but needs can be met at mainstream level 2)children whose needs are more complex and need specialised educational environments. The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 Makes further provisions against the discrimination of disabilities in Schools. Strengthens the rights of SEN children to be educated in mainstream Schools. Importance of working inclusively with children with disabilities or specific requirements. It is essential that people working with children promote equal opportunities by providing an environment free from discrimination. Inclusion is focusing on the needs of every child and ensuring the right conditions are in place for all to achieve their full potential. Children with SEN should be given the same opportunities as children without SEN/disabilities and feel valued, respected and supported. Our School has created a child focused approach where we focus on and build on their support using each childs strengths, needs and interests. Each child is an individual and must be listened to. This shows respect and they will feel safe and secure in the setting. This ensures that every child is valued as an individual. When planning activities we take into consideration their interests and abilities. We empathy to SEN children by the way we try and understand their feelings and point of view. We try and adapt the activity according to their needs and abilities so they are able to ta ke part with everyone and not be singled out. We involve the children in decision making and actively encourage them in planning their IEPs. We listen to what they need and want so then this helps us provide opportunities for them to be more independent this helps their confidence and self esteem. We believe children who grow up in Schools where all students are valued and seen as equal members will learn to respect and advocate for diversity in the larger community. Disability, Literacy and Inclusive Education for Young Children. Personally I think it is so important for all children to learn and play together and to be treated the same. It builds an understanding and acceptance for all and highlights the fact that children develop skills which enable them to teach one another. Children with disabilities will often make huge improvements in their communication, socialising and functioning skills while developing children will have better attitudes towards others, greater patience, tolerance and self esteem. One of our school mottos is We all belong where we expect all children to work together, making everyone feel welcome and involved and have a positive attitude. This really helps the SEN children feel a sense of belonging and a reduces feeling of isolation. We constantly run weekly sessions reminding the children to look at their attitudes and beliefs and if necessary help them make changes. It does help that all staff members are very positive about inclusion and diversity and are visually pro active in the activities we undertake, displays that we use and resources/materials we offer in the classroom. Benefits of working in partnership with Parents and other professionals. The Childrens Plan published by DCSF in 2007 highlighted the importance of the partnership between Parents and Schools to support children in their learning. It has been proven that Parental involvement has a positive effect on childrens achievement at School. They are able to reinforce learning from School by using play and extra curriculum activities ie practising times tables, listening to their child read, drawing, painting and visiting libraries and places of interest. They also help improve the childs gross/fine motor skills, communication/listening and social skills. Parental involvement in childrens education from an early age has a significant effect on educational achievement and continues to do so into adolescence and adulthood. The Impact of Parental Involvement on Childrens Education. Parents must always be consulted and involved in the care and support of their child. Schools need to show respect when discussing these delicate matters and always valuing the opinion of the Parents. Schools need to be demonstrating inclusion of all children and a way they can show this is by seeking the advice and resources of external agencies when it may benefit the child. The SEN Code of Practice recognises the value of the partnership with Parents. It is a well known fact that Parents knowledge of their child is exemplary and must be taken into account when deciding on support/education. The child and their needs must be at the centre of all discussions. Parents will have more of an idea of the childs strengths and the support can be tailored to take these into account ie if the child likes singing then perhaps learning can be adapted to singing times tables and alphabet songs. Some SEN like dyslexia may run in the family so family members may have developed specialised knowledge of the condition this may aid in the planning of support for their child. Some Parents find the whole process of having a SEN child very complex, difficult and emotional. Schools need to respect these feelings and emotions of the Parents and value their support. Full discussions and advise must be given to instil trust and confidence that the best is being done for their child at that School. Parents must be aware of all the policies/procedures of the School, support available for their child and any relevant documentation regarding their child. Trust will then be given as the Parents will respect the School and all involved in the care of their child. Schools must remain professional at all times. They should provide time and opportunity to discuss the childs progress. The Parent will feel involved and empowered that their opinions are listened to. Each party should acknowledge each others views and opinions but be able to agree amicably on a plan to support the child. Schools must be flexible when planning meetings with dates/times as they may be dealing with working families or families with siblings. It is a requirement that all Schools have a SENCO a designated person who is responsible for co-ordinating the care and support needed for the SEN children. This is helpful for the Parents as they only need to liaise with one member of staff. Other professionals that the SEN children may come into contact whilst at School are: Physiotherapists, Speech and Language, OutReach (Autistic), Hearing Impaired and Educational Psychologists. How practitioners can adapt their existing practice to support children with disabilities or specific requirements. Care must be taken to make the environment of the setting to be accessible for all children to use regardless of their needs. This may require ramps to be installed or disabled toilets to be fitted. The environment must be well lit, visually attractive, tactile and attractive. Space in the classrooms should be maximised to allow all children to have a sense of freedom. Grounds of the setting should be well maintained and be clear from any hazards which may endanger the children. Resources and activities should be adapted so all children are able to access them ie sand trays at waist height instead of being situated at floor level. SEN childrens needs should be thought of at the planning process with differentiation of activities not to challenging as they will loose interest and not too easy as they will not be fully engaged. They need to be planned to meet the individual needs of the child and age/stage appropriate. All children should have accessibility to the same resources. Some children may require specialist resources ie colour overlays for dyslexic children, flashcards, ICT programs designed to support phonics ie word shark, specialist interventions and 1-1 support. Attitudes of the adults working with SEN children need to be of a positive and understanding nature. Full training should be offered to these members of staff in new policies and procedures. Regular training in specialised areas should take place and involvement of all staff on the needs of certain SEN children. The SENCO must keep up to date with equal opportunities and inclusion policies and hold briefing sessions. Staff need to be available to support children who need assistance in simple personal issues ie dressing/undressing and medical conditions ie diabetics. Consideration needs to take place to help the children become more independent and to try things by themselves ie putting Velcro on dressing up costumes so all children can access the activity. Some children find it challenging to express their feelings, needs and preferences. Our staff who work with SEN children wear feeling flashcards on our lanyards so children can point to a picture to tell us how they are feeling. In Reception we use visual aids to help children decide what activity they would like to do/ show their preferences. We try and encourage independency through the use of computers word processing and dictaphones record their thoughts for the Big Write to help support them in their activities. Teachers try and keep their classroom setup the same so children learn where to find things and helps the SEN children establish routine and a safe/comfortable environment. Resources are clearly labelled with words/pictures and stored in the same location. Schools must be in regular contact with Parents at home supplying them with updates on process and new polices/procedures that affect their child. They must always liaise with outside agencies drawing on their expertise and advise in their particular areas. References The Impact of Parental Involvement on Childrens Education www.education.gov.uk/publications. Article 1 and Article 3 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Disability, Literacy and Inclusive Education for Young Children www.uni.edu/inclusion/benefits_of_inclusion.htm. Abbreviations SENSpecial Educational Needs IEPIndividual Education Plan